撩开“被动”面纱   帮你主动解题

                                 泉州七中   许海南

在高中英语学习中，最难学的就是动词，因为在动词学习中，要涉及到有关动词时态语态的内容。 动词时态有现在时， 过去时和完成时， 而动词语态有主动态和被动态。在被动态的学习当中， 会有许多相似的题型容易混淆。现在就让我们一起撩开它的面纱。

被动态，一说起这个名词，我们脑海里立刻会出现 be done 的形式，似乎它就是被动态的代名词。其实不然。在英语学习过程中，我们发现有的被动句中不用be动词， 只用done,有的被动句中不仅用了be, 而且还加了ing,变成分词结构。这些情况若掌握不清，会让我们对被动态甚至动词语态的理解及运用越来越乱，进而导致对英语兴趣的打折。
   我们总结， 在非谓语结构中，被动语态有三种形式：done, being done, to be done；加上be done  这个结构，共四种。在下笔前得先熟悉它们各自的含义。

done, 某事已被做过；

being done，某事正在被做；   用于不完整子中，（非谓语结构中）。

to be done ，某事将要被做；

be done 用于完整句子中。

基于以上四种含义，我认为我们可以通过以下几种解题方法来解题。

（一）用连词解题。(done / be done)

用连词(conj.)来解题在英语试题中并不少见。连词，顾名思义， 用来连接句子的词。在英语中， 一个连词可以连接两个完整独立又有逻辑关系的句子。因此，我们在解题时，首先我们要判断它是否含有连词，如 if, so , because, when, while, but, although等等。我们可以用例子来说明连词解题的方法。

例如：A)  The problem ____________, so we went home happily.(settle)

      B）The problem___________, we went home happily.(settle)

这两组句子一对比就不难看出，两句的唯一差别就在于so。在英语中，两个完整的句子只需一个连词即可。so 是连词，因此它的前后必须是完整句子，也就是说，(A)句前半句要填入动词。根据题义，problem（问题）和 settle（解决）之间应是被动关系，所以得用 be done 的结构。想到这儿，问题已解决大半了，剩下的就是时态了。so 的后半句是过去时，在此句中，时态前后一致，所以应填入 was settled 。(B)句没有so, 所以这两句中只能有一句是完整句，我们判断，后半句已是完整句，因而前半句只能处理成非谓语结构，（done/ being done/ to be done）三者选一，根据时态，选择过去时, 因此(B)句填settled.

Exercises:

  1. So much homework _______________, so I won’t go out this weekend.(finish)

  2. So much homework ________________, I won’t go out this weekend.(finish)

  3. If you ____________ to answer the question, please be confident.(ask)

  4. You ____________ to answer the question, please be confident.(ask)

（二）用介宾关系解题。(doing / being done)

介词（prep.），对于我们来说，是个新东西，在汉语中是没有的；因此要学好英语，得先掌握它的用法。在英语中，介词后如果有动词一定用现在分词结构（ing），与逻辑主语间为主动关系用doing，与逻辑主语间为被动关系用being done。也就是：

prep. +doing ,表示主动关系

prep. +being done， 表示被动关系

如:  (A) I won’t go without___________.(invite)
           (B) I won’t go unless___________.  (invite)

这组题考察的是判断介词与连词的能力。先判断without 为介词，unless 为连词。without 后填入的一定是现在分词结构，再考虑I 和invite之间为被动关系，则选择being done 形式。连词的解法在第一点我们一学过，unless是连词，应连完整句子。(B)句应为：I won’t go unless I am invited. 又根据省略规则，同一连词连接的两句话主语一致，可将从句主语省略，be动词也跟着省略，所以(B)句为: I won’t go unless invited.

Exercises:

1. She is not used to_______ Granny.(call)

2. Bamboo is used to ______into many useful things.(make)

3. This instrument is used _________________ machine.(check)

4. I’m not used to  _________________ by air. I feel sick.(travel)

5. She is not used to _____________ to like that. (speak)

6. He used __________ on the right in China, but he soon got used to ________on the left in England.(drive)

7. She is looking forward to __________________ in the class, but the teacher never asked her.(ask)

8. More attention should be paid to ____________these words correctly.(pronouce)

（三）用动宾关系解题。(being done)

动词(V.)在英语中占着举足轻重的位置。动词的千变万化恰好展示了这门语言的生动性。在英语中，动词可大体分为及物动词（vt.）和不及物动词（vi.）。及物动词可直接带宾语(vt.+object)， 不及物动词需要介词的介入才可带宾语(vi.+prep.+object)。我们这儿说的动宾关系指及物动词后直接带宾语。若宾语是一动词，则根据题义将其变为为doing （主动关系）或being done（被动关系）。也就是：

Vt. + doing   题义为主动关系

Vt. + being done. 题义为被动关系

如：A）No one likes _______in public. (laugh at)
        B）The deer was so lucky that it just missed________.(catch)

完成本组题需要有判别及物动词和不及物动词的能力，like, miss 后可直接接名词， 为及物动词，因此可以套用以上原则。A）句表达的是：没人喜欢被嘲笑，很明显是被动关系，因此填入being laughed at。 B)句表达的是：鹿很幸运， 没被抓到，也是被动关系，因此应填being caught.

Exercises:

1. I don’t mind not ___________to the party.(invite)

2. I remember ___________the money, but I can’t remember how much.(pay)

3. I couldn’t help___________ by the beauty of the West Lake.(attract)

4. Young people enjoy ____________________ fun in public. (make)

5. No one enjoys ________________ fun of in public.(make)

（四）用时态解题。(being done/ to be done / done)

时态贯穿着整个英语学习。从入门的一般现在时到一般现在时的被动态， 从进入高中阶段的完成时到完成时的被动态，越来越难， 越来越深，现在，时态可以为我们来解非谓语结构中的出现的问题。首先， 还是得先把三种被动结构所代表的时态熟悉一下。

done， 表某事已经被做。--过去完成时和一般过去时

being done, 表某事正在被做，--现在、过去、将来进行时

to be done ，表示某事将要被做；--一般将来时

例如：

A）When school was over, the noise of desks__________(open and close) could be heard out in the street.

B）The problem____________ now is about our living standard.(discuss)

C）The same question ___________ at the same time yesterday arose .(ask) 

D) The park _________ last year was destroyed in the thunderstorm. (build)

从这三题的句子中我们可以找出它们隐含的时态条件。A）句的was, could就告诉我们这句的时态是过去时；再往下思考，是用done 还是 being done？根据句意， 抽屉开开关关的声音在街上都可以被听见，应该正在被做时，所以我们选择表示进行的时态--being done。B）句的句中有一个很明显的标志词now，所以选being discussed。C）句也同样可以找到标志词 at the same time yesterday ,填入being asked。D) 句中的时态标志词是last year,用的是过去时，所以选 built。

Exercises:

1.The professor __________________ at the meeting now is from Beijing.(speak)

2. He is the professor ___________________ at the meeting tomorrow.(speak)

3. He is the professor ________________ of at the meeting yesterday.(speak)

4. The building ________________________ now will be our laboratory.(build)

5. The building ______________________ next year will be our laboratory.(build)

6.The building ____________________ last year is our laboratory.(build)

（五）用have sth. done的格式解题

英语中有许多结构都与此结构有密切的联系。如：want sth. done , find sth. done,  feel sth done 等等都是由have sth. done的结构中衍生出来的。所以牢记have sth. done  的结构的意义格外重要。Done我们已知道表示某事被做，have sth.done的意思就是让某事被做。举一反三， want sth.done 是想让某事被做，find sth.done 是发现某事被做， feel sth done 是感觉某事被做。
  例如：  1）If you want the work _____well, you must get everything ready.(do)

2）You’d better have the sick boy _____ by the doctor at once.(examine)

3）He opened the door and found the ground _____ with snow.(cover)

  这三例题都有个共同点：都可以在句中较易地找到have sth..done的格式。因此填入的动词都用过去分词几即可。另外， with sth.done的格式也可套用have sth. done 的格式。如：
  The thief sat quietly in the sofa, with both his hands _______ with a rope.(tie)

  本句的答案是tied, 手和绑的关系是被动关系，即用done 。

Exercises:

1. The professor’s speech made me _______________ in the study of science.(interest)

2. Mr. White raised his voice so as to make his listeners ______________ more clearly.(hear)

3. He raised his voice so as to make himself _________________ more clearly.(hear)

4. You’d better get your room __________________.(paint)

5. I’m afraid get the car ____________________ .(start)

6. The mother wanted her son ____________________ on without delay.(operate)

7. If you want the work ___________________ well, you must get everything ready.(do)

8. They were all pleased to see the work _________________ so soon.(finish)

9. I saw her __________________ at the window reading something.(seat)

(六) 用主动形式来表示被动意义的：

1. need doing =need to be done (类似：want , require)

e.g. The shoes need washing= The shoes need to be washed.

        The plant wants watering.= The plant wants to be washed.

2. The book is easy to read.( be + adj. + to do)

e.g. The room is fit to live in.

        There is a book to read.

3.The TV set is worth buying. (be worth doing)

e.g. The film is worth watching.

The man is worth making friends with.

4. Some stars are too small to see. (too..to…)

e.g. The ice is too thin for us ________________ on. (skate)

附：历届高考题选：
1)The police found that the house ­­­­_____ and a lot of things _______.(NMET1990)

A. has broken into; has been stolen                     B. had broken into; had been stolen

C. has been broken into ; stolen                       D. had been broken into; stolen

2)____more attention, the trees could have grown better.(1990)

A. Given                  B. To give                     C. Giving                D. Having given

3)The murderer was brought in, with his hands___ behind his back.(1991)

A. being tied               B. having tied                  C. to be tied                    D. tied

4)The speaker raised his voice but still couldn’t make himself______(1991)

A. hear                   B. to take                    C. being taken            D. taking

5)--Have you moved into the new house?—Not yet. The rooms ____.(NMET1991)

A. are being painted      B. are painting                    C. are painted           D. are being painting

6)If city noises ____ from increasing, people ____ shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now.(NMET1992)

A. are not kept, will have to                            B. are not kept, have to

C. do not keep, will have to                            D. do not keep , have to

7)The computer center,__ last year, is very popular among the students in this school.(1993)

A. open                    B. opening                       C.  having opened     D. opened

8)I need one more stamp before my collection_____. (1994)

A .has completed                B. completes                      C. has been completed  D. is completed

9)The first textbooks___ for reaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16^th century.(1994)

A. having written        B. to be written                 C. being written         D. written

10)____ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.(1996)

A. losing                 B. having lost                  C. lost                     D. to lose

11)While shopping, people sometimes can’t help ___ into buying something they don’t really need.(1996 上海)

A. to persuade           B. persuading                    C. being persuaded    D. be persuaded

12)The Olympic Games, ____in 776B.C.,dod not include women players until 1912.(1997)

A. first playing           B. to be first played             C. first played             D. to be first playing

13)He claimed ___ in the supermarket when he was doing shopping yesterday.(1998 上海)

A. being badly treated                                  B. treating badly 
C. to be treated badly                                 D. to have been badly treated

14)The lady said she would buy a gift for her daughter with the _____(1999上海)

A. 20 dollars remained                                   B. 20 dollars to remain

C. remained 20 dollars                                  D. remaining 20 dollars

15)The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see____ the next year.(2000)

A. carry out                B. carrying out                 C. carried out           D. to carry out

16)___in 1636,Harvard is one of the most famous university in the US.(2000 上海)

A. being founded         B. It was founded              C. Founded                D. Founding

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